Monday, August 6, 2012

Parenting Infants: Birth to age 2



Parenting Infants: Birth to age 2
Newborn
v  Growing
§  Unparalleled growth
§  Double in weight within the first 6 months
§  Triple in weight within the first year
v  Sleeping
§  Ranges from 10-22 hours per day with 18 being the average
§  Every child is different
·         Some you can set your clock by when they take their naps
·         Others it varies day in and day out
§  Hot Topic: Where will baby sleep?
·         In a basinet?
o   Next to parent’s bed?
o   In a separate room?
·         In bed with mom and dad?
v  Eating
§  Round the clock feedings about every 2 - 4 hours
§  Hot topic: How will baby eat?
·         Breast feeding?
·         Bottle feeding?
·         Combination of the two?
v  Crying
§  Average 1-3 hours per day **what time they don’t spend sleeping they spend crying**
§  3 ways to stop crying
·         Swaddling
·         Rhythmic motion or sounds
·         Standing while holding
Toddler Milestones
v  Intellectual Development
§  9 months: Object permanence
§  18 months: words and symbols to talk about
§  Parents: teach basic values and encourage children to explore their world
v  Language Development
§  10 months: attach words to objects
§  10-18 months: words become phrases
§  18 months: 50 words
§  18-24 months: phrases become sentences
§  24 months: 300 words
§  Parents: Talk to your child about anything and everything
v  Emotional Development
§  12 months: basic emotions
§  18 months: feelings of self-consciousness—shame, embarrassment, guilt, pride
§  24 months: ability to talk about feelings, self-regulate, and show empathy
§  Parents: Be responsive & supportive. Be in control of your own emotions.

Preparing for Pregnancy, Labor, Delivery and NewBorn Care


Preparing for Pregnancy, Labor, Delivery and New Born Care
What if we were to compare buying a new car to bringing home a newborn? They are quite similar in the amount of planning and preparation that goes into them, but there are some obvious differences too.  In both cases, you want to make sure your “baby” is healthy.     

http://www.thebigbowcompany.co.uk/wp/wp-content/plugins/post-gallery/uploads/1279550792_Private-Car-Single-Lopp-Velvet-Bow-Red-Extra-Ribbon.jpg+ http://www.marriottphoto.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/newborn_baby-002.jpg=http://i.ebayimg.com/00/s/MzAwWDMwMA==/$%28KGrHqEOKooE6eSJZcMkBOw-RD%29%29fw%7E%7E60_1.JPG?set_id=8800004005    
In the case of the car, you would research things like miles per gallon, crash test safety, price, and if you are buying used you would want to know how many miles were on it, as well as if it was in any accidents, and how the last owner treated it. Not only would you research your new car, you would also prepare for it by: cleaning out the garage, making sure you had insurance, and that it could pass emissions so you can get it registered.
In the case of baby there is also a lot of research and preparation. Some parents need the help of science to become pregnant while others need to arrange for a stand-in mother to carry their baby to term.  Under such circumstances, there would definitely be a lot of research and planning put in ahead of time to choose the best options and/or candidates possible. Natural pregnancies also take a lot of planning before conception or maybe some change of plans after conception if it wasn’t planned before.
Whether pregnancy is natural or must be facilitated in some way, all expecting mothers need to prepare their bodies to house the little one. The habits a woman before pregnancy will be the habits she takes into pregnancy. Women therefore, need to take care of their bodies long before pregnancy occurs. Some healthy habits include: eating right, exercising regularly, getting adequate rest, keeping stress levels low, taking supplements such as iron and folate, and kicking the habits of smoking and drinking early. In the words of Jacob, “O be wise; what can I say more?” (Jacob 6:12).
To review, new cars and newborns bring big changes. Researching which car to buy is a lot like pregnancy, you are planning and preparing and maybe even freaking out a little (hence there’s a reason why pregnancy is 9 months). Making your first down payment and driving your new car off the lot is like labor and delivery. You’ll have to choose a name and fill out the birth certificate as well as lots of other paperwork before you can leave the hospital. But when you take her home she’s all yours. Caring for the upkeep of your car (gas, oil, carwashes, maintenance fees, insurance, and monthly payments) is a lot like caring for a newborn. There will be a lot of gas, lots of eating, sleeping and pooping, and lots and lots of diapers.
Other than the fact that cars and babies look nothing alike, there’s one big difference between driving a new car and a new baby home: You need a license to drive your new car, but you don’t need a license to be a parent. There’s no test you have to pass, no class you’re required to take, no driving range.
Just as there’s no guarantee you won’t crash your new car, there’s no fool-proof why to prepare for parenting. You may hit some bumps along the way but it will be one of the most rewarding journeys of a lifetime.

Post by Ryan: Parenting Practices - Proactive and Reactive

When talking about parenting, there are a number of distinctions.  Parenting Style is the overall "feel" of how you parent; your "flavor" or "genre" maybe.  Parenting Practices are the little things you do that make up that style.



Styles generally fall into one or more of the following categories: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and neglectful - Wikipedia (Parenting Styles) gives us a quick rundown:

Diana Baumrind (1973) became particularly interested in the connection between the parental behavior and the development of instrumental competence, which refers to the ability to manipulate the enviornment to achieve ones goals. In her research, found what she considered to be the four basic elements that could help shape successful parenting: responsiveness vs. unresponsiveness and demanding vs. undemanding. From these, she identified three general parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive. Maccoby and Martin expanded the styles to four: authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful. These four styles of parenting involve combinations of acceptance and responsiveness on the one hand and demand and control on the other.




Authoritative parenting has been shown to have the greatest positive effects on children.  How can we navigate the fine lines of parenting and do what's best for our children?

Baumrind Parenting Style Quiz

Most of the times that I have felt I have been a good parent have come when I take a proactive approach to parenting.


For Fun:
Permissive Parenting in Mrs. Doubtfire

So what does reactive parenting look like?  Reactive parenting responds with punishment and correction.  What about proactive parenting?  Proactive parenting prepares for potential problems and conflicts by preparing children or by avoiding the situation all together.

A key to being able to appropriately proactive is to consider the age and temperament of the child.  For example, when going to the grocery store, a proactive parent might discuss multiple times with the child before arriving whether the child will receive a treat, or even what that treat might be (picking a fruit as opposed to m&m's).  Or maybe even better, avoiding a tantrum for candy by using the self-checkout so that the isles of candy are not right next to the child.

On the other hand, a reactive parent is met with the tantrum in the store and might jump right to yelling back at the child to be quiet (a little hypocritical?).  They might also react with punishments or other forms of discipline.

The challenge with reactive parenting is that the child doesn't learn anything.  Consider a different situation - learning to walk.  A small toddler doesn't know how to walk any better than they do to not throw a tantrum or cry when they don't get what they want.  But how many parents would scold a child for not getting it right the first time?  Or the tenth or 99th?  Seems ridiculous, right?  But yet we tend to not have patience or attempt to teach and coach when it comes to behavior we deem inappropriate, such as temper tantrums.

How much better off are all children if they are simply taught better behavior rather than punished for things they don't really know how to do well yet???

A few techniques can help parents become more proactive.

Cocooning is the practice of shielding children from negative outside influences - maybe restricting media, friends, or controlling where children are allowed to go.  This can be a great, proactive way to help guide children, but if parents aren't explaining well to the children about the rules and decision making process from the parent's point of view, children can rebel.  This second step is called Prearming.

Prearming is the process of giving children information up front so that they cope with influences from outside the home that might not be in line with the parent's ideas and family philosophies.  A concerned parent is prearming a child when talking with them about healthy body images compared to what the media portrays (a confusing message).

In the end, proactive parenting is about support and involvement and really knowing your children enough that you really can effectively listen  and help them with what they need.  More times than not, its simply about slowing down and taking time - adults do everything thousands of times faster than kids, and we are accustomed to INSTANT gratification, but the biggest difference we can make in the lives of our children more often than not is about taking a few extra min to let them "help," taking a few extra hours maybe to listen, and taking time to do things according to their needs.

Additional Resources (in a new window):
http://proactiveparenting.net/
http://www.proactiveparent.com/
http://www.fatherhood.org/
www.parenting.org
www.parenting.com

Culture & Parenting - by Alexis

                According to dictionary.com, one definition of culture is “the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, age, or ethnic group.”  Knowing that certain groups of people can have the same beliefs, values, and ways of doing things, we must be aware of how this can have an effect on our individual parenting practices.  Influencing cultures may be as big as a religious culture; those we worship with and what our religious beliefs are may influence the way that children are raised.  Influencing cultures may be as small as a neighborhood, or an individual family.  The things our neighbors let their kids do might also influence what we decide to let our children do.

                For my whole life, I’ve grown up in dominantly LDS neighborhoods where the dads go to work from 8-5; the moms stay home to cook, clean, and watch the kids; and the children have chores to do before they head off to swimming lessons, basketball practice, and piano lessons.  I can say without a doubt that the Utah Valley culture played a big role in the way that I was raised.  I was put on t-ball teams, soccer teams, basketball teams, volleyball teams, and put in ballet lessons, jazz lessons, ice skating lessons, tennis lessons, golfing lessons, piano lessons, and gymnastics lessons.  Where I grew up put (and still does) pressure on me to be better than I could, or even wanted to, be.

                Now apply that kind of pressure to parenting, and you’ve got yourself a slightly disconcerting position.  In class we talked about three things influencing others to have children. 

1)       Biological influence – We are programmed to love babies.  I’ve noticed that as moms push their babies around campus, all of the girls on campus will sneak a peek at the baby and get this silly look on their faces.  Totally guilty.
2)      Societal influence – Society emphasizes the positive value of having children.  FoxNews.com published on online article called “10 Hidden Benefits of Having Children,” which included the following points:  children lower your blood pressure,  children entitle you to major tax savings, children get you better parking, children keep you sane, children renew your thirst for knowledge, children make you sexier, children give you an alibi, children increase your self-esteem, children remind you to stop and smell the roses, and children make you happier.  Even though most of the reasons might seem silly, it all boils down to the fact that children provide positive consequences, and society recognizes that fact.
3)      Religious influence – We have a procreation power that makes us like God, and He wants us to provide bodies for His spirit children.  Most LDS families have larger families than the national average, and link this to their beliefs.

                Even though there are people out there like Judith Rich Harris, who argue that genetics and peers are more important that parents when it comes to how a child turns out, there are others like Craig Hart who argue that parents actually do matter, believe it or not.  Parents are there to provide safe and loving environments for their children, help them learn through experiences, act as their advocates, teach them right and wrong, help their children overcome their weaknesses, and to focus on each child’s positive traits.

                Because there are so many influences on parenting out there, it’s important to ask yourself how are you, either as a parent or a future parent, 1) being influenced, and 2) going to change the things you don’t like?              

References:

Culture.  Dictionary.com.  Houghton Mifflin Company.  Retrieved August 4, 2012, from http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/culture?s=t

Murphy, Ryan.  (2011, August 7).  10 Benefits of Having Children.  Retrieved from  http://foxnews.com.

Peer Group - by Alexis


                We’ve all been kids, teenagers, or “the new kid” at one point or another before, and we all know just how important having friends is.  Unfortunately, some children find that they have trouble fitting in with others, relating to others, or simply just don’t have the desire to socialize with others.  Sometimes this leads to behaviors from a child that would not regularly be express or portrayed.  Peer pressure that either lead a child to do positive or negative things, and each have unique consequences.

                Believe it or not, there is such a thing as positive peer pressure.  It’s the pressure put on children to create those healthy relationships and friendships based on their self-identity, self-esteem, and self-reliance (Luster, 2012).  Parents hope that this peer pressure can help their children conform to healthy behaviors, and have an overall positive effect.  Especially in the teenager years, peers are the ones who teenagers go to when they’re struggling and need someone to talk to.

                As it is with opposition in all things, unfortunately, negative peer pressure has an effect on children and teenagers.  Everyone wants to fit in and have the approval of their peers, which leads to poor choice making by a lot of teenagers.  The negative peer pressure can get to them and make them want to change who they are, just for acceptance.  There are many teenagers out there who refuse to give up who they are and what they stand for, just for the acceptance of others.  In an article from a 1999 Ensign called “Helping Teens Stay Strong,” one teenager stated that they have the strongest desire to not live church standards at school, because of the desire to fit in and do anything to achieve that.

                During my junior high years, I became friends with an awesome girl who was fun to be around and was always joking around with everyone.  Once she got into high school, her standards began to be lowered, just a little bit at a time.  Her opinions on media and what was okay to watch was the first thing to change.  This was followed by how she dressed, followed by who she hung out with, followed by what she did with her free time.  While the rest of us received our high school diplomas, she was busy trying to support herself, her two babies, and get her GED.  I ran into her a little while ago, and we talked about how different our lives were.  She mentioned that if she could go back to high school and do it all over again, she wouldn’t have tried to gain the acceptance of certain people and been more focused on what she wanted.

                To help combat the problem of comparing oneself among younger children and teenagers, I believe parents should try to apply the following to help their children: 
             
               Personally, I think that the very best thing parents can do to help their children overcome comparing themselves to others is to love their children and spend time with them.  Some parents believe that the quality of the time spent with their kids is more important that the quantity of time they spend with them.  I believe that both are equally important, and that children will flourish in a loving environment and be less likely to fall into the pull of negative peer pressure.


References:

Chadwick, Bruce C. (1999, Mar).  Helping Teens Stay Strong.  Ensign.

S. Luster, SFL 240 lecture, July 23, 2012.

Post By: DonnaLin: Parenting and the Media




Parenting and the Media
There are many different aspects on this topic such as:  What impact do media have on family life and family interactions? What impact do media have on children?  How can parents and others influence these media effects on children?  Do media have an impact on parents about parenting?  And in what ways does media play a role in providing information and support to parents about child-rearing?  All of these aspects are important but I am only going to focus on:  What impact do media have on children?  And as Latter Day Saints, how do we live in the world, but not of the world?  

What impact do media have on children? 
The first aspect that I want to talk about is the impact that the media has on children.  What is the media?  The media is the communication through which news, entertainment, education, data, or promotional messages are disseminated.  Media includes every medium such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, billboards, direct mail, telephone, fax, and internet (Dictionary, 2012). 
Let me paint a little picture for you of recent facts about the media and its influence on our children.  Children have a full time job; children watch an average of 40 hours of TV a week (Bushman & Anderson, 2001).  By the time we are 65 years old, the average person will have spent the equivalent of 9 years watching TV (Bushman & Huesmann, 2001).  By the time a child graduates elementary school, they will have seen 8,000 murders and 100,000 other acts of violence (Bushman & Anderson, 2001).  60% of TV programmes contain violence (Donnerstein, 2001).  And there are more television sets in the United State than toilets (Bushman & Anderson, 2001) (Luster, 2012).  What is wrong with this picture? 
In this You Tube video, it will depict how bad things have been in the past and also show us that things are not getting any better. 
 
The Media's Effects on Children

 Even though we can see our society deteriorating around us there have and are programs out there that provide children with good, positive examples as well as for adults too.  For example, Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood was a great program that taught children about good morals and values.  Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood, offer powerful models for healthy care giving behavior, and it was found that parents sometimes reported watching this program for this very same purpose (Simpson, 1998).  

In this YouTube video, it will show us the influence that television has on all of us, not matter what age you are.

The Influence of Television Media on Society
What are some other ways the media influences our children?
What worries you about the media?

As Latter Day Saints, how do we live in the world, but not of the world? 
The proclamation describes our schooling here for family life:
“Husband and wife have a solemn responsibility to love and care for each other and for their children. ‘Children are an heritage of the Lord’ (Ps. 127:3). Parents have a sacred duty to rear their children in love and righteousness, to provide for their physical and spiritual needs, to teach them to love and serve one another, to observe the commandments of God, and to be law-abiding citizens wherever they live. Husbands and wives—mothers and fathers—will be held accountable before God for the discharge of these obligations (Eyring, 1998).

President Thomas S. Monson said, to an alarming extent, our children today are being educated by the media, including the Internet.  The messages portrayed on television, in movies, and in other media are very often in direct opposition to that which we want our children to embrace and hold dear.  It is our responsibility not only to teach them to be sound in spirit and doctrine but also to help them stay that way, regardless of the outside forces they may encounter. This will require much time and effort on our part—and in order to help others, we ourselves need the spiritual and moral courage to withstand the evil we see on every side (Monson, 2007).
We live in the time spoken of in 2 Nephi, chapter 9:  O the vainness, and the frailties, and the foolishness of men! When they are learned they think they are wise, and they hearken not unto the counsel of God, for they set it aside, supposing they know of themselves, wherefore, their wisdom is foolishness and it profiteth them not. And they shall perish. 
But to be learned is good if they hearken unto the counsels of God.  Required is the courage to hold fast to our standards despite the derision of the world (Monson, 2007).
I love this story that President Dieter F. Uchtdorf tell in the April 2008 General Conference Session.  In 1979 a large passenger jet with 257 people on board left New Zealand for a sightseeing flight to Antarctica and back. Unknown to the pilots, however, someone had modified the flight coordinates by a mere two degrees. This error placed the aircraft 28 miles to the east of where the pilots assumed they were. As they approached Antarctica, the pilots descended to a lower altitude to give the passengers a better look at the landscape. Although both were experienced pilots, neither had made this particular flight before, and they had no way of knowing that the incorrect coordinates had placed them directly in the path of Mount Erebus, an active volcano that rises from the frozen landscape to a height of more than 12,000 feet (Uchtdorf, 2008).
As the pilots flew onward, the white of the snow and ice covering the volcano blended with the white of the clouds above, making it appear as though they were flying over flat ground. By the time the instruments sounded the warning that the ground was rising fast toward them, it was too late. The airplane crashed into the side of the volcano, killing everyone on board (Uchtdorf, 2008).
It was a terrible tragedy brought on by a minor error—a matter of only a few degrees (Uchtdorf, 2008).
The influence of the media can have the same effects on our children, our families, and us.  Here are some ideas to help guard us against these negative influences, so that we never allow ourselves to get, even just a few degrees off.
·         Start out in the very begin, when your children are young, to build a relationship, where communication is open.  Talk to your children about the media and its positive and negative effects.
·         Set appropriate rules for media use in the home and outside of the home.
·         Prepare yourself for the media.  On-line you can find many FREE web protection filters.  The web protection filter that we use in our home is call K-9 Web Protection  http://www1.k9webprotection.com/
·         Create an environment that your children can feel the spirit, with friends and family.
·         Co-playing: play video games together, Co-viewing: watch movies and television together
·         Set a good example
These are just a few suggestions but the best way to combat against the evils of the world is to make our Heavenly Father, Jesus Christ, and the gift of the Holy Ghost a part of our families’ lives, and teaching our children to never do things that can lead the spirit of the Holy Ghost away from them.
What other suggestions do you have on how we can be in the world but not of the world?
How did your parents handle media in the home?

References
Business Dictionary.com (2012) Retrieved from http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/media.html
 
Eyring, Henry B. (1998) The Family. February Ensign. Retrieved from http://www.lds.org/ensign/1998/02/the-family?lang=eng
 
Luster, Stephanie (2012, Wednesday, July 25) (Bushman & Anderson, 2001,Bushman & Huesmann, 2001, Donnerstein, 2001).  Media Influences and Media Monitoring.  Class 16, 1-35.
 
Monson, Thomas S., (2007).  Three Goals to Guide You. Retrieved from http://www.lds.org/general-conference/2007/10/three-goals-to-guide-you?lang=eng&query=media+influence
 
Mormon Ads (2012). It’s Great Except For… Retrieved from http://library.lds.org/nxt/gateway.dll/Magazines/NewEra/img/img00537.jpg

Simpson, Rae A., (1998).  The Role of the Mass Media in Parenting Education.  Retrieved from http://parenthood.library.wisc.edu/Simpson/Simpson.html

The Influence of Television Media on Society.  Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QqRNRw0eBIE&feature=related
 
The Media's Effects on Children.  Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFqcsOx_x6I&feature=related

Uchtdorf, Dieter F., (2008) A Matter of a Few Degrees. Retrieved from http://www.lds.org/general-conference/2008/04/a-matter-of-a-few-degrees?lang=eng&query=media+influence



 


Post By DonnaLin: Family Structure


Family Structure
What is a Family Structure?


The traditional family structure in the United States is considered a family support system involving two married individuals providing care and stability for their biological offspring. However, this two-parent family has become less prevalent, and alternative family forms have become more common.  The family is created at birth and establishes ties across generations.  Those generations, the extended family of aunts, uncles, grandparents, and cousins, can hold significant emotional and economic roles for the family.
Over time, the traditional structure has had to adapt to very influential changes, including divorce and the introduction of single-parent families, teenage pregnancy and unwed mothers, homosexuality and same-sex marriage, and increased interest in adoption. Social movements such as the feminist movement and the stay-at-home dad have contributed to the creation of alternative family forms, generating new versions of the American family (Wikipedia, 2012).
There are many different types of Family Structures in this day in age.  One of the popular television sitcoms is ‘Modern Family.’  They present a traditional family structure, a step-family structure and a same-sex family structure.  These family structures are becoming more common.
Modern Family – Trailer:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aogZUDx51vQ

Traitional Family
The traditional family consists of a mother, father, and the children. 

Single parent
A single parent is a parent who cares for one or more children without the assistance of the other biological parent.  Single-parent homes are increasing as married couples divorce, or as unmarried couples have children.
The percentage of single-parent households has doubled in the last three decades, but that percentage tripled between 1900 and 1950.
Statistics
50% of marriages end in divorce
1 out of six adults endure 2 or more divorces
One MILLION children experience parents’ divorce each year in the U.S.
40% of all children will experience parents’ divorce during their childhood (Luster, 2012)

Step Families
Stepfamilies are becoming more familiar in America.  Divorce rates are rising and the remarriage rate is rising as well, therefore, bringing two families together making step families.  Statistics show that there are 1,300 new stepfamilies forming every day.  Over half of American families are remarried, that is 75% of marriages ending in divorce and remarry (Stewart, 2007).

The Importance of Family

A Family can be any unit or group of people that provide you with love, connection, and support.
Here a video that expresses ones view of what a family is to them.

Families are so important, that is why they are forever.
President Russell M. Nelson said, “Marriage and family are ordained of God.  The family is the most important social unit in time and in eternity.” (Nelson, 2012)
The family unit is fundamental not only to society and to the Church but to our hope for eternal life (Eyring, 1998).

The proclamation begins this way:
“We, the First Presidency and the Council of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, solemnly proclaim that marriage between a man and a woman is ordained of God and that the family is central to the Creator’s plan for the eternal destiny of His children (Eyring, 1998).”

“In the pre-mortal realm, spirit sons and daughters knew and worshiped God as their Eternal Father and accepted His plan by which His children could obtain a physical body and gain earthly experience to progress toward perfection and ultimately realize his or her divine destiny as an heir of eternal life. The divine plan of happiness enables family relationships to be perpetuated beyond the grave. Sacred ordinances and covenants available in holy temples make it possible for individuals to return to the presence of God and for families to be united eternally (Eyring, 1998).”

We are all part of a family here on earth and a family in heaven.  We have a Heavenly Father and a Heavenly Mother, we are all brothers and sisters.

“The family is ordained of God. Marriage between man and woman is essential to His eternal plan. Children are entitled to birth within the bonds of matrimony, and to be reared by a father and a mother who honor marital vows with complete fidelity. Happiness in family life is most likely to be achieved when founded upon the teachings of the Lord Jesus Christ. Successful marriages and families are established and maintained on principles of faith, prayer, repentance, forgiveness, respect, love, compassion, work, and wholesome recreational activities. By divine design, fathers are to preside over their families in love and righteousness and are responsible to provide the necessities of life and protection for their families. Mothers are primarily responsible for the nurture of their children. In these sacred responsibilities, fathers and mothers are obligated to help one another as equal partners. Disability, death, or other circumstances may necessitate individual adaptation. Extended families should lend support when needed (Eyring, 1998).”

Family is important to me because they provide me with: Love, Respect, and Friendship.

MY FAMILY 

Why is your family important to you?


References
Eyring, Henry B. (1998) The Family. February Ensign. Retrieved from http://www.lds.org/ensign/1998/02/the-family?lang=eng
 

Family Structures (2012) Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZUqkJFBkW_c

Luster, Stephanie (2012, Monday, July 30).  Divorce and Parenting.  Class 18, 1-11.
 
Modern Family – Trailer (2012) Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aogZUDx51vQ

Nelson, Russell M. (2012) Thanks be to God. General Conference May Ensign. Retrieved from http://www.lds.org/general-conference/2012/04/thanks-be-to-god?lang=eng&query=family+unit
 
Stewart, S.D. (2007). Brave New Stepfamilies. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (2012) Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_structure_in_the_United_States